The summer is fast approaching, and with increases in temperature comes a whole set of concerns for our pets. One of the most common life-threatening problems we see in the summer is heat stroke. Typically, when we think of heat stroke, we think of a dog left in a hot car with the windows rolled up. However, it can occur in many other conditions, such as when a pet is left outside without access to shade or water or when a dog is exercised in warm, humid weather. Obesity and old age can predispose a dog to heat stroke, and the most common dogs we see affected are the brachycephalic breeds.
Brachycephalic dogs, including Bulldogs, Pugs, Pekingese, Boston Terriers, and many others, are very popular due to their cute looks. Unfortunately, the same qualities that make them attractive to us hinder their ability to cool themselves. In general, dogs are unable to sweat. They regulate their body temperature by panting, which works by evaporation of water from their tongues and airways. In order to effectively pant, a dog needs to have a good airway. Brachycephalic dogs have narrow, "hypoplastic" tracheas that are much too small for their body size. In addition to hypoplastic tracheas, brachycephalic dogs have stenotic nares, which are teeny tiny nostrils that are not effective at moving air. The final component of the Brachycephalic Syndrome is laryngeal saccules, little pieces of tissue in the back of the throat that can turn inside out and block the airway.
Because of the above characteristics, brachycephalic dogs have to work extra hard to dump excess body heat. They end up generating more heat while trying to move air through their tiny nostrils and tracheas, starting a vicious cycle that can result in heat stroke. Owners of brachycephalic dogs need to be extremely careful about exposing their dogs to hot, humid weather.
A dog's normal body temperature ranges from 100.5 to 102.5 degrees Fahrenheit, and if it reaches 105 or above, a true emergency exists. Warning signs of heat exhaustion, the last step before heat stroke, include loud, raspy panting, excessive drooling, restlessness, weakness, and bright red or purple gums. Once true heat stroke develops, we can see collapse, vomiting and/or severe diarrhea. Some dogs will develop multi-organ failure that can result in death, even with intensive veterinary care. Prevention is the key to preventing complications from over-heating, so owners should be vigilant about avoiding triggers and watching for warning signs.
If you are concerned your dog could be suffering from heat exhaustion or heat stroke, remove him from the heat immediately and encourage him to be calm. Douse him in cool water (but NOT cold water or ice), and point a fan in his direction. You may want to place cool wet towels over the back of his neck and in his armpits and groin regions. IMMEDIATELY transport your pet to the closest veterinary facility. Prompt care is of the utmost importance.
Never use ice to cool your pet. Never force him to drink water or ice. Remember that prevention of heat stroke is key.
Courtney Quinn, VMD